Challenges and Solutions of Hydrogen Fuel Cells in Transportation Systems- A Review and Prospects⁠↗

For commercial long-rage airplanes, however, employing fuel cells will be limited due to the replacement of the axillary power unit (APU) in the foreseeable future. Using fuel cells to propel such large airplanes would necessitate redesigning the airplane structure to accommodate the required hydrogen tanks, which could take a bit more time.

Fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) offer advantages over battery electric vehicles (BEVs) such as extended range, short refilling times, and lower carbon footprints in manufacturing. FCEVs filter air and can help clean polluted cities, while also being silent and comfortable [3].

Overall, regular maintenance, purification methods, and cost optimization contribute to the viability of hydrogen fuel cells in transportation [9].

Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles utilize electric motors for propulsion, with the specific type of motor varying depending on the vehicle’s design and requirements. Two common types of electric motors used in these vehicles are permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and induction motors (IMs). PMSMs utilize permanent magnets embedded in the rotor to generate a magnetic field, offering high power density and efficiency. On the other hand, IMs operate through electromagnetic induction and are known for their robustness and cost-effectiveness. Both motor types convert the electrical energy produced by the fuel cell into mechanical power for vehicle propulsion, with the choice between them depending on factors such as power requirements, torque characteristics, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness [10].

In hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, a dualism exists between the slow and constant energy generation of the fuel cell system and the dynamic power demands of road riding, which require high power and rapid acceleration. The fuel cell system generates electricity steadily but may not provide instantaneous power during acceleration. To overcome this, fuel cell vehicles incorporate energy storage systems such as batteries or supercapacitors. These systems store energy to complement the fuel cell’s steady output and deliver the extra power required for rapid acceleration. This dualistic approach ensures a balance between constant energy generation and the ability to meet dynamic power needs, allowing for efficient performance in different driving conditions [11].